The fungal colonies of various species isolated from the surface of stored wheat grains were grown in petriplates and its microscopic view are identified by authentic literature as shown in. A class is a taxonomic group of related biological units. There are approximately 1,000 chytrid species, in 127 genera, distributed among 5 orders. Zygospore formation usually results from the fusion of isogametangia. The zygomycota take their name from their method of sexual reproduction, involving the production of conjugating gametangia, leading to the production of zygosporangia and zygospores. The phylum zygomycota consists of two classes, the. A phylumlevel phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genomescale data joseph w. When the spores reach an appropriate substrate, they germinate to produce new hyphae. Zygomycetes are fungi characterized by the formation of sexual spores zygospores, and vegetative mycelium that lack septa except to delimit old or injured hyphae or reproductive structures in mucorales and zoopagales but plugged septa are regularly formed in dimargaritales and kickxellales benny et al.
Zygomycota article about zygomycota by the free dictionary. The results showed that zygomycota were represented by two species about 9. They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on plants and. Zygomycota are commonly thought of as bread molds, but there are many species of fungi within this classification that form symbiotic relationships with plants or infect animal hosts.
Molecular phylogenetics has revealed that zygomycete fungi do not form a monophyletic group see brooker et al. The members of the phylum zygomycota are an interesting group of fungi in that they seem to bridge the gap between the so called lower fungi slime molds and flagellate fungi and the higher fungi ascomycota, basidiomycota, and deuteromycota. It comprises 450 species which are grouped under 70 genera. Some hyphae penetrate bread and form rhizoids which anchor the fungus and make enzymes that digest the bread. Rhizopus bread mold common mold on moist, stale bread hyphae form a white, cottony mycelium.
The life cycle of rhizopus stolonifer will be used as the representative of this phylum. Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a large group of 1600 species of fungi. Zygomycota ascomycota basidiomycota flashcards quizlet. They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. Phylum zygomycota intended learning outcomes by the end of the lecture, you should be able to. Zygomycota the zygomycota is comprised of approximately species of microscopic fungi that has traditionally been divided into two classes, zygomycetes and trichomycetes. As parasites they infect numerous species of insects and to a. The members are now part of two phyla the mucoromycota and zoopagomycota. Ten thousand species of fungi have been described, but it is estimated that there are actually up to 1.
The name comes from chytridium from the greek chytridion, meaning little pot. Rhizopus stolonifer is a common member of the fungal phylum zygomycota. Differ from chytridiomycota in that cell wall component is usually cellulose and life cycles are always gametic. Asexual reproduction is via sporangiospores, which can be released from the sporangium and carried by air currents. The zygomycota typically reproduce asexually by means of nonmotile sporangiospores. Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a large group of 1600 species of fungi fungi are put into groups by the way they reproduce. There are a number of different classes see list below. Zygomycota notes zygomycota classically the shared trait of. However, it has not yet been replaced by other phyla. Fungi i evolution and diversity, phyla chytridiomycota and zygomycota.
A variety of other yeast and filamentous human pathogens and nonpathogens also fall into this category. Previous studies have revealed that the phylum zygomycota is a key member of. Zygomycota classically, the shared trait of sexual reproduction by a zygospore was interpreted as a diagnostic trait, which was used to classify species with the character in a single phylum, the phylum zygomycota. The name zygommcota comes from zygosporangia, where strong and tough round shaped spores are formed during sexual reproduction they are mostly found living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. A phylum level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genomescale data joseph w. Also learn about their characteristics, reproduction and classification. Members of the subdivision zygomycota have coenocytic hyphae.
In fact, some zygomycota are more closely related to the dikarya than they are to other zygomycota. Many zygomycetes are associated with living organisms as parasites or mycorrhizaforming fungi. Some are parasites of plants, insects, and small animals. The phylum zygomycota is one of the most diverse and polyphyletic fungi in soil environment benny et al. A phylumlevel phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi. Study fungi phyla flashcards at proprofs fungi phyla. Further details about the zygomycota are presented below. The ten isolated fungal species belongs to seven different genera viz. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. The zygomycota typically reproduce asexually by means of nonmotile. Zygomycota definition of zygomycota by medical dictionary. James department of biology, duke university, durham, north carolina 27708 kerry odonnell ncaur, ars, usda, peoria, illinois 61604 mat.
Dec 20, 20 as a result, the phylum zygomycota is no longer used. Purpose of deuteromycota division was erected to accommodate conidia producing fungi with unknown sexual cycle. When sexual stage discovered, species would be reclassified. They include the familiar bread mold, rhizopus stolonifer, which rapidly propagates on the surfaces of breads, fruits, and vegetables. The two classes represent a very diverse group of microscopic fungi that have mostly been characterized as the earliest group of fungi evolved, as evidenced by members that have mostly coenocytic hyphae. Zygomycota division of fungi having sexually produced zygospores subdivision zygomycota, subdivision zygomycotina, zygomycotina division. Fungi play an important role in ecosystems, decomposing dead organisms, fallen leaves. They are mostly found living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. Classes of the phylum division zygomycota taxonomic information of, and a list of the classes within, the phylum division. Phylogeny of the zygomycota based on nuclear ribosomal. Asexual reproduction is by spores which are called aplanospores because they are nonmotile, and sporangiospores because they are typically contained within sporangia. When sexual reproduction discovered, usually an ascomycota or less often basidiomycota. The third phylum, zygomycota, is composed of fungi that form coenocytic hyphae and reproduce sexually by the production of zygospores 251, 253, 392, 503.
Zygomycota synonyms, zygomycota pronunciation, zygomycota translation, english dictionary definition of zygomycota. The two classes represent a very diverse group of microscopic fungi that have mostly been characterized as the earliest group of fungi evolved, as. But the characteristic feature of the informal phylum zygomycetes is that they form sexual spores in a zygosporangium. Chytridiomycota simple english wikipedia, the free. Phylogeny of the zygomycota based on nuclear ribosomal sequence data merlin m. They are mostly saprobic, but some are parasitic, living on plants, insects, and other fungi. Zygomycota characteristic that defines phylum is formation of thezygosporeduring sexual reproduction. The name zygommcota comes from zygosporangia, where strong and tough round shaped spores are formed during sexual reproduction. The phylum zygomycota comprises the first group of fungi considered in this book which lacks any motile stage. Two other common names for zygomycota are pin molds and sugar molds. Late last year, however, a new fungal phylum, the glomeromycota schussler et al.
They are characterized by the formation of sexual spores ie, ascospores in saclike structures, singularly called an ascus. A phylumlevel phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genomescale data article pdf available in mycologia 1085. Home diversity and classification true fungi zygomycota zygomycota. The mushrooms and toadstools with which mycology started, the rusts and smuts, which have been devastating crops since recorded history, the shelf and bracket fungi. The distinctive characteristic of the zygomycetes is their method of sexual reproduction if a sexual stage exists.
The mushrooms and toadstools with which mycology started, the rusts and smuts, which have been devastating crops since recorded history, the. Spatafora1 ying chang department of botany and plant pathology, oregon state university, corvallis, oregon 97331 gerald l. However, as scientists apply molecular techniques to understand fungal relationships, the artificial nature of. The zygomycota is comprised of approximately species of microscopic fungi that has traditionally been divided into two classes, zygomycetes and trichomycetes.
Aug 07, 2010 this phylum encompasses at least seven orders. The two classes represent a very diverse group of microscopic fungi that have mostly been characterized as the earliest group of fungi evolved, as evidenced by members that have mostly. They are characterized by the formation of sexual spores ie, ascospores in. Fungi i evolution and diversity, phyla chytridiomycota. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepts the terms as equivalent. Phylum zygomycota sporangia fungi common saprophyte in the soil. Chytridiomycota simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
While mucoromycotina is the largest and morphologically most diverse order within the zygomycetes, just one species of entomopathogenic fungi is assigned to. The fundamental asexual structure in the zygomycota is also a sporangium, but the variety of these structures is quite amazing. The phylum ascomycota is the largest group in kingdom fungi with about 64,000 species described kirk et al. It plays a key role in the carbon cycle because it works as a decomposer in soil, dung and discarded foods, it has also been reported to have medicinal properties. The remaining 5% of named species are divided between three phyla glomeromycota, zygomycota, and chytridiomycota and are informally called coenomycetes because their hyphae lack the regular septation found in dikaryomycetes. The most familiar fungi are kitchen molds and mushrooms. General characteristics fungi are diverse and widespread. As a result, the phylum zygomycota is no longer used. It is the more derived clade of zygomycetes and mainly consists of. The zygomycetes are a relatively small group in the fungi kingdom and belong to the phylum zygomycota. A detailed dicussion of this is well beyond the scope of these pages where the focus is mainly on life histories.
A taxonomic phylum within the kingdom fungi the zygomycetes, pin molds or sugar molds. Kingdom fungi the true fungi is a monophyletic group of eukaryotic heterotrophs that reproduce with spores and have chitinous cell walls. Depending on definitions, the animal kingdom animalia or metazoa contains. Zygomycota notes zygomycota classically the shared trait. Early in 2001 the zygomycetes, was thought to include ten orders kirk et al. Ppt phylum zygomycota powerpoint presentation free to. Cell walls contain chitin, chitosan, and polyglucuronic acid. To identify the criteria used to differentiate the major groups in the fungal kingdom to describe the main features of the phylum zygomycota to evaluate the adaptiveness of the reproductive process of zygomycota for survival in the environment. Zygomycota definition of zygomycota by the free dictionary. Zygomycota a phylum of saprotrophic or parasitic fungi that includes the bread mould mucor. The class zygomycetes derives its name from the thickwalled resting spores, the zygospores formed as a result of the complete fusion of the protoplasts of two equal or unequal gametangia.
The name zygomycota comes from zygosporangia, where strong and tough round shaped spores are formed during sexual reproduction they are mostly found living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. Zygomycetes are a group of mostly microscopic fungi that differ from other fungi in that they reproduce using zygospores. James department of biology, duke university, durham, north carolina 27708 kerry odonnell ncaur, ars, usda, peoria, illinois 61604 matas j. There are approximately 1,000 chytrid species, in 127 genera, distributed among.
Abstract zygomycetes are unique among filamentous fungi in their great ability to. Zygomycetes the zygomycota may be one of the most diverse and the leaststudied of the fungal phyla, and as presently classified. They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on plants and animals. The phylum comprises at least seven phylogenetically diverse orders. Oomycota phylum is similar to chytridiomycota in that there are unicellular, short hyphal to mycelial members and in the latter mycelium is nonseptate except where reproductive structures occur. Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a former division or phylum of the kingdom fungi. Penicillium is one source of antibiotics saccharomyces is a yeast used in making bread and beer includes many human and plant pathogens, such as pnuemocystis carinii jiroveci, a pathogen of the aids patients histoplasma is the cause of ohio valley fever. Some examples of fungi classified within the group zygomycota are black bread mold and rhizopus oligosporus, which is used to produce tempeh. A phylumlevel phylogenetic classification of zygomycete. Fungi are put into groups by the way they reproduce.
Pdf a phylumlevel phylogenetic classification of zygomycete. Pdf zygomycete fungi were classified as a single phylum, zygomycota. Their hyphae lack cross walls and they can reproduce asexually by sporangiospores formed within a sporangium 1 or sexually by means of zygospores 2. This is a relatively simple kind of reproduction found in a variety of filamentous organisms. Phylum zygomycota 1 phylum zygomycota 2 general characteristics. Zygomycota are defined and distinguished from all other fungi by sexual reproduction via zygospores following gametangial fusion figure 2a,b and asexual reproduction by unitomultispored sporangia figure 3a,b within which nonmotile, singlecelled sporangiospores are produced.
They all are terrestrial molds which show a wide range in their habit. Phylogenetic analyses have suggested that the phylum. The phylum zygomycota is composed of a group of lower fungi whose. Zygomycota the conjugated fungi biology libretexts. Smith department of plant pathology, university of florida, gainesville, florida 32611 mary l. Zygomycota simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The majority of them are filamentous, producing regularly septate hyphae. The name zygomycota comes from zygosporangia, where strong and tough round shaped spores are formed during sexual reproduction. The terms zygomycota and zygomycetes are therefore only used informally to reference this diverse group of fungi. Reproduce asexually by producing sporangiospores within a special sac called the sporangium.